Blackholes - Blog Posts

Scary Space Stories to Tell in the Dark

The universe is full of dazzling sights, but there’s an eerie side of space, too. Nestled between the stars, shadowy figures lurk unseen. The entire galaxy could even be considered a graveyard, full of long-dead stars. And it’s not just the Milky Way – the whole universe is a bit like one giant haunted house! Our Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will illuminate all kinds of spine-chilling cosmic mysteries when it launches in 2027, but for now settle in for some true, scary space stories.

Flickering Lights

One of the first signs that things are about to get creepy in a scary movie is when the lights start to flicker. That happens all the time in space, too! But instead of being a sinister omen, it can help us find planets circling other stars.

Roman will stare toward the heart of our galaxy and watch to see when pairs of stars appear to align in the sky. When that happens, the nearer star – and orbiting planets – can lens light from the farther star, creating a brief brightening. That’s because every massive object warps the fabric of space-time, changing the path light takes when it passes close by. Roman could find around 1,000 planets using this technique, which is called microlensing.

The mission will also see little flickers when planets cross in front of their host star as they orbit and temporarily dim the light we receive from the star. Roman could find an additional 100,000 planets this way!

Galactic Ghosts

Roman is going to be one of the best ghost hunters in the galaxy! Since microlensing relies on an object’s gravity, not its light, it can find all kinds of invisible specters drifting through the Milky Way. That includes rogue planets, which roam the galaxy alone instead of orbiting a star…

…and solo stellar-mass black holes, which we can usually only find when they have a visible companion, like a star. Astronomers think there should be 100 million of these black holes in our galaxy.

Stellar Skeletons

Black holes aren’t the only dead stars hiding in the sky. When stars that aren’t quite massive enough to form black holes run out of fuel, they blast away their outer layers and become neutron stars. These stellar cores are the densest material we can directly observe. One sugar cube of neutron star material would weigh about 1 billion tons (or 1 trillion kilograms) on Earth! Roman will be able to detect when these extreme objects collide.

Smaller stars like our Sun have less dramatic fates. After they run out of fuel, they swell up and shrug off their outer layers until only a small, hot core called a white dwarf remains. Those outer layers may be recycled into later generations of stars and planets. Roman will explore regions where new stars are bursting to life, possibly containing the remnants of such dead stars.

Cosmic Cobwebs

If we zoom out far enough, the structure of space looks like a giant cobweb! The cosmic web is the large-scale backbone of the universe, made up mainly of a mysterious substance known as dark matter and laced with gas, upon which galaxies are built. Roman will find precise distances for more than 10 million galaxies to map the structure of the cosmos, helping astronomers figure out why the expansion of the universe is speeding up.

Learn more about the exciting science this mission will investigate on Twitter and Facebook.

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Why are we studying them? What’s purpose of this field for us on earth?

Gobble Up These Black (Hole) Friday Deals!

Welcome to our 6th annual annual Black Hole Friday! Check out these black hole deals from the past year as you prepare to head out for a shopping spree or hunker down at home to avoid the crowds.

First things first, black holes have one basic rule: They are so incredibly dense that to escape their surface you’d have to travel faster than light. But light speed is the cosmic speed limit . . . so nothing can escape a black hole’s surface!

Black hole birth announcements

Some black holes form when a very large star dies in a supernova explosion and collapses into a superdense object. This is even more jam-packed than the crowds at your local mall — imagine an object 10 times more massive than the Sun squeezed into a sphere with the diameter of New York City!

Some of these collapsing stars also signal their destruction with a huge burst of gamma rays. Our Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory continuously seek out the signals of these gamma ray bursts — black hole birth announcements that come to us from across the universe.

NICER black holes

There are loads of stellar mass black holes, which are just a few 10s of times the Sun’s mass, in our home galaxy alone — maybe even hundreds of millions of them! Our Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer, or NICER for short, experiment on the International Space Station has been studying some of those relatively nearby black holes.

Near one black hole called GRS 1915+105, NICER found disk winds — fast streams of gas created by heat or pressure. Scientists are still figuring out some puzzles about these types of wind. Where do they come from, for example? And do they change the way material falls into the black hole? Every new example of these disk winds helps astronomers get closer to answering those questions.

Merging monster black holes

But stellar mass black holes aren’t the only ones out there. At the center of nearly every large galaxy lies a supermassive black hole — one with the mass of millions or billions of Suns smooshed into a region no bigger than our solar system.

There’s still some debate about how these monsters form, but astronomers agree that they certainly can collide and combine when their host galaxies collide and combine. Those black holes will have a lot of gas and dust around them. As that material is pulled into the black hole it will heat up due to friction and other forces, causing it to emit light.  A group of scientists wondered what light it would produce and created this mesmerizing visualization showing that most of the light produced around these two black holes is UV or X-ray light. We can’t see those wavelengths with our own eyes, but many telescopes can. Models like this could help scientists know what to look for to spot a merger.

Black holes power bright gamma ray lights

It also turns out that these supermassive black holes are the source of some of the brightest objects in the gamma ray sky! In a type of galaxy called active galactic nuclei (also called “AGN” for short) the central black hole is surrounded by a disk of gas and dust that’s constantly falling into the black hole.

But not only that, some of those AGN have jets of energetic particles that are shooting out from near the black hole at nearly the speed of light! Scientists are studying these jets to try to understand how black holes — which pull everything in with their huge amounts of gravity — provide the energy needed to propel the particles in these jets. If that jet is pointed directly at us, it can appear super-bright in gamma rays and we call it a blazar. These blazars make up more than half of the sources our Fermi space telescope sees.

Catching particles from near a black hole

Sometimes scientists get a two-for-one kind of deal when they’re looking for black holes. Our colleagues at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory actually caught a particle from a blazar 4 billion light-years away. IceCube lies a mile under the ice in Antarctica and uses the ice itself to detect neutrinos, tiny speedy particles that weigh almost nothing and rarely interact with anything. When IceCube caught a super-high-energy neutrino and traced its origin to a specific area of the sky, they turned to the astronomical community to pinpoint the source.

Our Fermi spacecraft scans the entire sky about every three hours and for months it had observed a blazar producing more gamma rays than usual. Flaring is a common characteristic in blazars, so this didn’t attract special attention. But when the alert from IceCube came through, scientists realized the neutrino and the gamma rays came from the same patch of sky! This method of using two or more kinds of signals to learn about one event or object is called multimessenger astronomy, and it’s helping us learn a lot about the universe.

Get more fun facts and information about black holes HERE and follow us on social media today for other cool facts and findings about black holes!

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Ten Observations From Our Flying Telescope

SOFIA is a Boeing 747SP aircraft with a 100-inch telescope used to study the solar system and beyond by observing infrared light that can’t reach Earth’s surface.

What is infrared light? It’s light we cannot see with our eyes that is just beyond the red portion of visible light we see in a rainbow. It can be used to change your TV channels, which is how remote controls work, and it can tell us how hot things are.

Everything emits infrared radiation, even really cold objects like ice and newly forming stars! We use infrared light to study the life cycle of stars, the area around black holes, and to analyze the chemical fingerprints of complex molecules in space and in the atmospheres of other planets – including Pluto and Mars.

Above, is the highest-resolution image of the ring of dust and clouds around the back hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. The bright Y-shaped feature is believed to be material falling from the ring into the black hole – which is located where the arms of the Y intersect.

The magnetic field in the galaxy M82 (pictured above) aligns with the dramatic flow of material driven by a burst of star formation. This is helping us learn how star formation shapes magnetic fields of an entire galaxy.

A nearby planetary system around the star Epsilon Eridani, the location of the fictional Babylon 5 space station, is similar to our own: it’s the closest known planetary system around a star like our sun and it also has an asteroid belt adjacent to the orbit of its largest, Jupiter-sized planet.

Observations of a supernova that exploded 10,000 years ago, that revealed it contains enough dust to make 7,000 Earth-sized planets!

Measurements of Pluto’s upper atmosphere, made just two weeks before our New Horizons spacecraft’s Pluto flyby. Combining these observations with those from the spacecraft are helping us understand the dwarf planet’s atmosphere.

A gluttonous star that has eaten the equivalent of 18 Jupiters in the last 80 years, which may change the theory of how stars and planets form.

Molecules like those in your burnt breakfast toast may offer clues to the building blocks of life. Scientists hypothesize that the growth of complex organic molecules like these is one of the steps leading to the emergence of life.

This map of carbon molecules in Orion’s Horsehead nebula (overlaid on an image of the nebula from the Palomar Sky Survey) is helping us understand how the earliest generations of stars formed. Our instruments on SOFIA use 14 detectors simultaneously, letting us make this map faster than ever before!

Pinpointing the location of water vapor in a newly forming star with groundbreaking precision. This is expanding our understanding of the distribution of water in the universe and its eventual incorporation into planets. The water vapor data from SOFIA is shown above laid over an image from the Gemini Observatory.

We captured the chemical fingerprints that revealed celestial clouds collapsing to form young stars like our sun. It’s very rare to directly observe this collapse in motion because it happens so quickly. One of the places where the collapse was observed is shown in this image from The Two Micron All Sky Survey.

Learn more by following SOFIA on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

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The Universe's Brightest Lights Have Some Dark Origins

Did you know some of the brightest sources of light in the sky come from black holes in the centers of galaxies? It sounds a little contradictory, but it's true! They may not look bright to our eyes, but satellites have spotted oodles of them across the universe. 

One of those satellites is our Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Fermi has found thousands of these kinds of galaxies in the 10 years it's been operating, and there are many more out there!

Black holes are regions of space that have so much gravity that nothing - not light, not particles, nada - can escape. Most galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centers - these are black holes that are hundreds of thousands to billions of times the mass of our sun - but active galactic nuclei (also called "AGN" for short, or just "active galaxies") are surrounded by gas and dust that's constantly falling into the black hole. As the gas and dust fall, they start to spin and form a disk. Because of the friction and other forces at work, the spinning disk starts to heat up.

The disk's heat gets emitted as light - but not just wavelengths of it that we can see with our eyes. We see light from AGN across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the more familiar radio and optical waves through to the more exotic X-rays and gamma rays, which we need special telescopes to spot.

About one in 10 AGN beam out jets of energetic particles, which are traveling almost as fast as light. Scientists are studying these jets to try to understand how black holes - which pull everything in with their huge amounts of gravity - somehow provide the energy needed to propel the particles in these jets.

Many of the ways we tell one type of AGN from another depend on how they're oriented from our point of view. With radio galaxies, for example, we see the jets from the side as they're beaming vast amounts of energy into space. Then there's blazars, which are a type of AGN that have a jet that is pointed almost directly at Earth, which makes the AGN particularly bright.  

Our Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has been searching the sky for gamma ray sources for 10 years. More than half (57%) of the sources it has found have been blazars. Gamma rays are useful because they can tell us a lot about how particles accelerate and how they interact with their environment.

So why do we care about AGN? We know that some AGN formed early in the history of the universe. With their enormous power, they almost certainly affected how the universe changed over time. By discovering how AGN work, we can understand better how the universe came to be the way it is now.

Fermi's helped us learn a lot about the gamma-ray universe over the last 10 years. Learn more about Fermi and how we're celebrating its accomplishments all year.

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When Dead Stars Collide!

Gravity has been making waves - literally.  Earlier this month, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the first direct detection of gravitational waves two years ago. But astronomers just announced another huge advance in the field of gravitational waves - for the first time, we’ve observed light and gravitational waves from the same source.

There was a pair of orbiting neutron stars in a galaxy (called NGC 4993). Neutron stars are the crushed leftover cores of massive stars (stars more than 8 times the mass of our sun) that long ago exploded as supernovas. There are many such pairs of binaries in this galaxy, and in all the galaxies we can see, but something special was about to happen to this particular pair.

Each time these neutron stars orbited, they would lose a teeny bit of gravitational energy to gravitational waves. Gravitational waves are disturbances in space-time - the very fabric of the universe - that travel at the speed of light. The waves are emitted by any mass that is changing speed or direction, like this pair of orbiting neutron stars. However, the gravitational waves are very faint unless the neutron stars are very close and orbiting around each other very fast.

As luck would have it, the teeny energy loss caused the two neutron stars to get a teeny bit closer to each other and orbit a teeny bit faster.  After hundreds of millions of years, all those teeny bits added up, and the neutron stars were *very* close. So close that … BOOM! … they collided. And we witnessed it on Earth on August 17, 2017.  

Credit: National Science Foundation/LIGO/Sonoma State University/A. Simonnet

A couple of very cool things happened in that collision - and we expect they happen in all such neutron star collisions. Just before the neutron stars collided, the gravitational waves were strong enough and at just the right frequency that the National Science Foundation (NSF)’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and European Gravitational Observatory’s Virgo could detect them. Just after the collision, those waves quickly faded out because there are no longer two things orbiting around each other!

LIGO is a ground-based detector waiting for gravitational waves to pass through its facilities on Earth. When it is active, it can detect them from almost anywhere in space.

The other thing that happened was what we call a gamma-ray burst. When they get very close, the neutron stars break apart and create a spectacular, but short, explosion. For a couple of seconds, our Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope saw gamma-rays from that explosion. Fermi’s Gamma-ray Burst Monitor is one of our eyes on the sky, looking out for such bursts of gamma-rays that scientists want to catch as soon as they’re happening.

And those gamma-rays came just 1.7 seconds after the gravitational wave signal. The galaxy this occurred in is 130 million light-years away, so the light and gravitational waves were traveling for 130 million years before we detected them.

After that initial burst of gamma-rays, the debris from the explosion continued to glow, fading as it expanded outward. Our Swift, Hubble, Chandra and Spitzer telescopes, along with a number of ground-based observers, were poised to look at this afterglow from the explosion in ultraviolet, optical, X-ray and infrared light. Such coordination between satellites is something that we’ve been doing with our international partners for decades, so we catch events like this one as quickly as possible and in as many wavelengths as possible.

Astronomers have thought that neutron star mergers were the cause of one type of gamma-ray burst - a short gamma-ray burst, like the one they observed on August 17. It wasn’t until we could combine the data from our satellites with the information from LIGO/Virgo that we could confirm this directly.

This event begins a new chapter in astronomy. For centuries, light was the only way we could learn about our universe. Now, we’ve opened up a whole new window into the study of neutron stars and black holes. This means we can see things we could not detect before.

The first LIGO detection was of a pair of merging black holes. Mergers like that may be happening as often as once a month across the universe, but they do not produce much light because there’s little to nothing left around the black hole to emit light. In that case, gravitational waves were the only way to detect the merger.

Image Credit: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State (Aurore Simonnet)

The neutron star merger, though, has plenty of material to emit light. By combining different kinds of light with gravitational waves, we are learning how matter behaves in the most extreme environments. We are learning more about how the gravitational wave information fits with what we already know from light - and in the process we’re solving some long-standing mysteries!

Want to know more? Get more information HERE.

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com

When Dead Stars Collide!

Gravity has been making waves - literally.  Earlier this month, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the first direct detection of gravitational waves two years ago. But astronomers just announced another huge advance in the field of gravitational waves - for the first time, we’ve observed light and gravitational waves from the same source.

There was a pair of orbiting neutron stars in a galaxy (called NGC 4993). Neutron stars are the crushed leftover cores of massive stars (stars more than 8 times the mass of our sun) that long ago exploded as supernovas. There are many such pairs of binaries in this galaxy, and in all the galaxies we can see, but something special was about to happen to this particular pair.

Each time these neutron stars orbited, they would lose a teeny bit of gravitational energy to gravitational waves. Gravitational waves are disturbances in space-time - the very fabric of the universe - that travel at the speed of light. The waves are emitted by any mass that is changing speed or direction, like this pair of orbiting neutron stars. However, the gravitational waves are very faint unless the neutron stars are very close and orbiting around each other very fast.

As luck would have it, the teeny energy loss caused the two neutron stars to get a teeny bit closer to each other and orbit a teeny bit faster.  After hundreds of millions of years, all those teeny bits added up, and the neutron stars were *very* close. So close that … BOOM! … they collided. And we witnessed it on Earth on August 17, 2017.  

Credit: National Science Foundation/LIGO/Sonoma State University/A. Simonnet

A couple of very cool things happened in that collision - and we expect they happen in all such neutron star collisions. Just before the neutron stars collided, the gravitational waves were strong enough and at just the right frequency that the National Science Foundation (NSF)’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and European Gravitational Observatory’s Virgo could detect them. Just after the collision, those waves quickly faded out because there are no longer two things orbiting around each other!

LIGO is a ground-based detector waiting for gravitational waves to pass through its facilities on Earth. When it is active, it can detect them from almost anywhere in space.

The other thing that happened was what we call a gamma-ray burst. When they get very close, the neutron stars break apart and create a spectacular, but short, explosion. For a couple of seconds, our Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope saw gamma-rays from that explosion. Fermi’s Gamma-ray Burst Monitor is one of our eyes on the sky, looking out for such bursts of gamma-rays that scientists want to catch as soon as they’re happening.

And those gamma-rays came just 1.7 seconds after the gravitational wave signal. The galaxy this occurred in is 130 million light-years away, so the light and gravitational waves were traveling for 130 million years before we detected them.

After that initial burst of gamma-rays, the debris from the explosion continued to glow, fading as it expanded outward. Our Swift, Hubble, Chandra and Spitzer telescopes, along with a number of ground-based observers, were poised to look at this afterglow from the explosion in ultraviolet, optical, X-ray and infrared light. Such coordination between satellites is something that we’ve been doing with our international partners for decades, so we catch events like this one as quickly as possible and in as many wavelengths as possible.

Astronomers have thought that neutron star mergers were the cause of one type of gamma-ray burst - a short gamma-ray burst, like the one they observed on August 17. It wasn’t until we could combine the data from our satellites with the information from LIGO/Virgo that we could confirm this directly.

This event begins a new chapter in astronomy. For centuries, light was the only way we could learn about our universe. Now, we’ve opened up a whole new window into the study of neutron stars and black holes. This means we can see things we could not detect before.

The first LIGO detection was of a pair of merging black holes. Mergers like that may be happening as often as once a month across the universe, but they do not produce much light because there’s little to nothing left around the black hole to emit light. In that case, gravitational waves were the only way to detect the merger.

Image Credit: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State (Aurore Simonnet)

The neutron star merger, though, has plenty of material to emit light. By combining different kinds of light with gravitational waves, we are learning how matter behaves in the most extreme environments. We are learning more about how the gravitational wave information fits with what we already know from light - and in the process we’re solving some long-standing mysteries!

Want to know more? Get more information HERE.

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com

I love supermassive black holes!!!

Expect this in the chapter about black holes lol

The relationship between SBHs and their host galaxies are so cool!

WANT MORE? GET YOUR HEAD STUCK IN THE STARS AT MY BLOG!

AAS NOVA

A Young Population of Hidden Jets

By Susanna Kohler

Looking for a fireworks show this 4th of July? Try checking out the distant universe, where powerful jets flung from supermassive black holes slam into their surroundings, lighting up the sky.

Though these jets are hidden behind shrouds of gas and dust, a new study has now revealed some of these young powerhouses.

A Galaxy–Black-Hole Connection

In the turbulent centers of active galaxies (active galactic nuclei, or AGN), gas and dust rains onto supermassive black holes of millions to billions of solar masses, triggering dramatic jets that plow into the surrounding matter and light up across the electromagnetic spectrum.

The growth of a supermassive black hole is thought to be closely tied to the evolution of its host galaxy, and feedback like these jets may provide that link. As the jets collide with the gas and dust surrounding the galaxy’s nucleus, they can trigger a range of effects — from shock waves that drive star formation, to gas removal that quenches star formation.

To better understand the connections between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, we’d especially like to observe AGN at a time known as Cosmic Noon. This period occurred around 10 billion years ago and marks a time when star formation and supermassive black hole growth was at its strongest.

The Hidden World of Cosmic Noon

But there’s a catch: around Cosmic Noon, galaxies were heavily shrouded in thick gas and dust. This obscuring material makes it difficult for us to observe these systems in short wavelengths like optical and X-ray. Instead, we have to get creative by searching for our targets at other wavelengths.

Since AGN emission is absorbed by the surrounding dust and re-radiated in infrared, we can use infrared brightness to find obscured but luminous sources. To differentiate between hidden clumps of star formation and hidden AGN, we also look for a compact radio source — a signature that points to a jet emitted from a central black hole.

A team of scientists led by Pallavi Patil (University of Virginia and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory) has now gone on the hunt for these hidden sources at Cosmic Noon.

Newly-Triggered Jets Caught in the Act

Patil and collaborators observed a sample of 155 infrared-selected sources, following up with high-resolution imaging from the Jansky Very Large Array to identify compact radio sources. From their observations and modeling of the jets, the authors estimate these sources’ properties.

The authors find bright luminosities, small sizes, and high jet pressures — all of which suggest that we’ve caught newly-triggered jets in a short-lived, unique phase of AGN evolution where the jets are still embedded in the dense gas reservoirs of their hosts. The jets are expanding slowly because they have to work hard to push through the thick clouds of surrounding material. Over time, the jets will likely expand to larger scales and clear out the surrounding matter, causing the sources to evolve into more classical looking radio galaxies.

What’s next? The authors are currently working on a companion study to further explore the shapes of the jets and their immediate environments. These young, hidden sources will provide valuable insight into how supermassive black holes evolve alongside their host galaxies.

Citation “High-resolution VLA Imaging of Obscured Quasars: Young Radio Jets Caught in a Dense ISM,” Pallavi Patil et al 2020 ApJ 896 18. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9011

TOP IMAGE….Artist’s impression of a galaxy forming stars, as powerful jets that are flung from its central black hole collide with the surrounding matter. [ESO/M. Kornmesser]

CENTRE IMAGE….This composite image of Centaurus A shows an example of large-scale jets launched from an AGN, which can eventually extend far beyond the galaxy, as seen here. [ESO/WFI (Optical); MPIfR/ESO/APEX/A.Weiss et al. (Submillimetre); NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al. (X-ray)]

LOWER IMAGE….The redshift distribution of the authors’ sample, based on spectroscopic redshifts of 71 sources. The sources span the period of peak star formation and black hole fueling around Cosmic Noon. [Patil et al. 2020]

BOTTOM IMAGE….The JVLA 10 GHz radio continuum observations for four sources in the authors’ sample. The cyan plus symbol marks the infrared-obtained source position. The color bars indicate flux in mJy/beam. [Adapted from Patil et al. 2020]

My favorite YouTube video as of now (I know this doesn’t seem like it’s related to space - but it has a nice discussion about black holes and hawking radiation, which is I love it so much)

Remember kids: be cautious of bouncy castles!

WANT MORE? GET YOUR HEAD STUCK IN THE STARS AT MY BLOG!

Kazakhstan’s stone spheres

I think that the geologists are making a big mistake if the try to relate every thing to earth geology theories and ignore the fact that cosmic forces are responsible for matter creation and planets. In this case using some logic you should realize from the first look that these spheres are space rocks as the split when hitting the earth. It would be misleading to be convinced that the most of the matter the most of the earth rocks belong to the beginning of the earth formation but probably a big part of the earth crust could be very young. The earth must have been continuously bombarded by different sized space rocks, the asteroid belts belt are the best prove for the existence of such rocks in our solar system. The spheres on earth are not a natural product caused by erosion or dinosaur eggs but the have been formed in space under extreme cosmic conditions. They formed by high speed concentration and compression of matter as you can see, layer after layer. These rocks could have been formed inside the black holes as building blocks for new worlds. These spheres are found in many parts of the world and some are perfectly round, but they are on the surface which means they must be very young.

Source: https://alienstar.net/scientists-are-baffled-by-kazakhstans-massive-stone-spheres-video/?fbclid=IwAR3icbGlHVRFKwFwOdLLcpIy7uC5sTLHF45uq6ib9GXmDfAq-PV9mhwhV-A

Observations of M87's monster black hole

In the spring of 2017, as the EHT team was gathering some of the data that would result in the epic imagery, nearly 20 other powerful telescopes on the ground and in space were studying the M87 black hole as well. A new study describes this huge and powerful data set, which contains observations across a wide range of wavelengths gathered by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, as well as a number of other scopes.  Jets, or beams of radiation and fast-moving particles have been observed rocketing outward from M87's black hole. This observation is an evidence that the Schwarzschild radius theory could be wrong as the mass can't be compressed that contradicts the laws of physics as the internal force inside the atom wouldn't allow it, there will be a nuclear fusion and energy. But when the star collapses two different things happen: a gravitational wave due to the vacuum happened and the emission of the remaining gasses of the collapsed star escaping the black hole from the center of the black hole making a 90 degrees angle. As we see here that the matter is escaping and not been compressed. And here we see clearly that the matter is escaping the center of the black hole in the form of jets and not being trapped forming high density matter that doesn't exist in reality.

Source: https://www.space.com/m87-supermassive-black-hole-observing-campaign?utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_content=space.com&utm_campaign=socialflow&fbclid=IwAR3B_J79lV_AO8tbkyMtLhrP5FxU2hNksY95i-wYJ2g-amL9AqfueUFjlT0

Neutrino spotted blasting out a black hole

In a distant galaxy, a supermassive black hole ripped a star to bits, sending out an enormous blast of energy. For the first time, researchers have observed a neutrino that probably came from this type of cataclysm, which is called a tidal disruption event or TDE. According to my hypothesis the two forces inside the black hole could cause this. Its the below absolute zero temperature and the motion faster than the speed of light . The temperature under absolute zero cases the atoms to stall which neutralizes the power that holds the components of the atom together and causes it to split in addition to the high speed.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2268724-weve-spotted-a-neutrino-blasted-out-by-a-black-hole-shredding-a-star/?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_campaign=echobox&utm_medium=social&utm_source=Facebook&fbclid=IwAR3ItpqHmgj1boUI8eIXD1NrLs2UQ7KEAcPK75xHGqOhkiKbi2tFwjkWktM#Echobox=1614384150

The Schwarzschild radius theory

The Schwarzschild radius theory could be wrong as the mass can't be compressed that contradicts the laws of physics as the internal force inside the atom wouldn't allow it, there will be a nuclear fusion and energy. But when the star collapses two different things happen: a gravitational wave pulling the surrounding matter due to the vacuum happened and at the same time the emission of the remaining gasses from the collapsed star escaping from the center of the black hole making a 90 degrees angle in the form of a jet. And here we see the matter ejected from the center and don’t form a high density sphere as the Schwarzschild theory imagine, there is no matter left in the center. Source: https://www.space.com/baby-black-holes-misbehaving-experts-perplexed

How possible a black hole 6.5 billion times the MASS of the sun

Black holes can get so big as they consume a whole galaxy and killing the suns in the galaxy turning to a cluster of black holes and combined they form a galaxy sized black hole, like a kind of chain reaction.

https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=217541880090753&set=gm.928674257875896

https://earthsky.org/space/group-black-holes-found-globular-cluster-ngc-6397?fbclid=IwAR31a2lWpOpBHiOjML_qGcaBWWSJrl0pj6LG7IUlFBbQBTwfFrd5jRxF1OM

These beautiful mysterious black holes

These beautiful mysterious dark object in the universe could be the most important element in the creation of new worlds, they could be themselves endless big bangs. The astrophysics and mathematics made it possible to detect them but couldn’t tell much about the process and why we can't see them directly. Only some logic and fantasy cant solve some puzzles. So I would like to share a hypothesis of mine about the issue. Every solar system and galaxy must have a beginning and an end as the central power in the form of a star losses energy what ever we call this episode supper nova or what else it collapses suddenly in femtosecond like switching off the light creating a huge vacuum and a huge vortex with escalating speed pure mechanics, the speed can be mathematically calculated by comparing the size of the star to the time needed to reach the size of zero. In such a case the center becomes like the hollow eye of a storm and the speed gets bellow the speed of light therefore they cant be seen. Faster than contradicts Einstein because it's a matter of mechanics and not physics a movement in void no resistance plus the huge gravitational wave created. The black hole doesn't create heat but the temperature gets below absolute zero therefore no heat detected. This cause the planets to break in different sizes but no melting as there is no heat. the rocks obtain their characters or get harder but the fluids and gasses change their atomic structure due to the huge forces inside the black holes and that's the work of physics creating gemstones and heavy matter. The black hole start to lose energy and slows down spreading it's matter around creating new worlds. It's a huge recycling machine creating matter for the new worlds. We notice that some planets still have rings even Uranus has these rings with their moons and dust and different sizes of rocks are remnants of black, even our earth probably had rings but were swallowed by the gravity. The collisions of the falling rocks create melting of the planets and even the sun. Lot of our earth crust are probably such rocks and dust that fall on earth later as the earth became bigger and could pull the rocks. The babbles and sand grains should be remnants of that event even the granite that is covering many parts of the world is a compressed matter by high speed rotation a kind of snow ball effect and no sign of melting to assume that it's of volcanic origin. The grains inside the granite are solidified gasses and fluids that have been compressed. Which means that our earth contains parts of planets in the same state the were before destruction and even live building blocks. That's my simple logic easy explanation for what could have happened inside the black hole. https://www.cnet.com/news/astronomers-watch-black-hole-spaghettify-and-devour-a-star-in-real-time/?UniqueID=0F717D3A-4B8A-11EB-8BE5-16A896E8478F&ftag=COS-05-10aaa0a&ServiceType=facebook_page&TheTime=2020-12-31T17%3A03%3A10&PostType=link&fbclid=IwAR3fDfAP_j8Ksz5R58aiGDBrk8_SfqP3IkqIVUarI2LASBrtb5ENI-Rfvoc

Why shouldn’t the black holes have cooler temperature than absolute zero?

  About my hypothesis that the black holes could not only rotate in a speed faster than the speed of light but also cooler than the absolute zero, scientists found the coldest natural place in the universe, It’s the Boomerang Nebula.    The Boomerang Nebula is so young that it expels gas at a furious pace. This outrush not only blocks the cosmic microwaves that might otherwise warm it, but it also carries heat away. Even in normal terrestrial life, we see examples of how expanding gas has a chilling effect (discharging a can of whipped cream or tire-inflation gas makes that container feel colder in your hand). Here in the constellation Centaurus, an impressive 5,000 light-years away, the newly minted planetary nebula expands so rapidly that the Boomerang has a temperature of only –458° F (–272° C), a mere 1° above absolute zero. This is the only known object whose temperature is naturally lower than the background radiation of the universe. That means that there could be cooler places in the universe we could,t detect like the black holes. Such cool temperatures have been reached in a lab and the cosmic forces in space can do the same. Earthly laboratories using clever processes have actually attained this sort of perfect cold (to within a billionth of a degree), that’s in the Wolfgang Ketterle’s lab at MIT. That means that the possibility of cooler places is there but still undetected. So my hypothesis is not just a fantasy but supported by credible scientific works. According to this study here what could happen to the dying  sun spews out at least 10 times more material yearly than normal for the early stages of a nascent planetary nebula. This “wind” blows at more than 300,000 mph (483,000 km/h), carrying the super cold gas away from the dying star before it becomes a black hole  In time, this star should grow much hotter before it finally peaks, collapses, and settles into the ultimate white dwarf state that is the destiny of all planetary nebula progenitors. Then, the current extreme cold will be replaced by its exact opposite. The study says “Not so long ago, space itself was thought to register absolute zero, the temperature at which all atomic jiggling terminates, except for some quantum effects. Because heat is simply the movement of atoms, the coldest anything can be is when all such motion has stopped. This happens at –459.67° Fahrenheit (–273.15° Celsius), or 0 kelvin, by definition.” , I am going to reverse this and say that the high speed in the black hole caused the decrease of the temperature inside the black hole to below zero and stalled the motion in the atoms to zero energy which couldn’t be detected.

Source: https://astronomy.com/magazine/weirdest-objects/2015/02/46-boomerang-nebula?utm_source=asyfb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=asyfb&fbclid=IwAR1T6yqqZoWYxWUI1T_f15bGy4eb-ngaAOoet50ogSmeL0btMWnmet2mWXo

Evidence prove the role of  collisions in the formation of earth

On going collisions of different sized rocks from small planets to smaller rocks was the beginning of the formation of our planet.  Scientists have discovered a vast structure made of dense material occupying the boundary between Earth’s liquid outer core and the lower mantle, a zone some 3,000 kilometers (1,864 miles) beneath our feet. They discovered  the presence of anomalies deep inside Earth called ultra low velocity zones (ULVZs), which are dense patches on the core-mantle boundary.  By running thousands of seismograms through Sequencer they found evidence of the existence of two “mega-ULVZs,” zones that stretch for about 1,000 kilometers, or more.  Mega-ULVZs are intriguing structures not only due to their size, but because they may be composed of exotic materials that date back to a time before Earth had a Moon. These huge anomalous chunks could be partially melted material that predate the Moon formation event, which scientists think was a gigantic collision between early Earth and a Mars-sized object more than four billion years ago.

But my point is if the core of the earth is formed through collisions why shouldn’t the crust be formed in the same way?

Source: https://www.vice.com/en/article/ep4zvw/scientists-have-discovered-vast-mysterious-structures-deep-inside-the-earth?utm_content=1603702277&utm_medium=social&utm_source=VICE_facebook

Why are black hole invisible?

These incredible systems detected in the universe, these live shredders that represent death and live in the universe. They are at the same time the creators of new universes and galaxies and probably a lot of our earth is remains of a black hole. You can’t create matter from void and matter and energy don’t disappear.

My hypothesis about the unseen black hole systems depends on two facts that perhaps contradicts Einstein but just he dint see what we can see now due to the high end tools and technology. Two reasons could be behind it:

 1) The speed inside the system could be faster than the speed of light. 

 2) The temperature inside the black hole could be less than the absolute zero or both together.     

Many will say impossible or ignorant but I made some research that indicate that the possibility exists.  

Matter ejected from a black hole at 99% of the speed of light have been detected. According to my hypothesis the rotation inside reaches a speed faster than the speed of light according to the huge vacuum created and the immense gravitational wave so we can’t see them because of that speed that changes the nature of light. The study detect the matter escaping the gravity of the black and then slowing down and being spread in the universe. 

Source: https://www.labroots.com/trending/space/17075/supermassive-black-hole-ejected-matter-faster-99-speed-light 

Matter Nears Light Speed Entering a Black Hole

Source: 

https://www.universetoday.com/10295/matter-nears-light-speed-entering-a-black-hole/

The argument that it’s impossible to exceed the speed of light might be incorrect as there are studies that show that it exist and in the universe are energies that we don’t possess that would make it more possible as our physics is limited to what we can see and feel.

 Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/particles-found-to-travel/

We shouldn’t ignore the speed of the particles moving almost at the speed of light in the Large Hadron Collider and that’s just an artificial environment created by scientist and that makes us realize the force inside the black hole which is much extremer than what we can create on earth. The temperature needed to cool the magnets is near the absolute zero.

The relation between temperature and speed of light is there and you can influence and slow the speed of light. If the temperature inside the black hole is less than the absolute zero every thing is going to freeze, the atoms and the light so they become undetectable. You can’t detect any heat because there is no energy created as the atoms are still. 

Source: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/02/physicists-slow-speed-of-light/

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/webproj/211_fall_2014/Serena_McCormick/147439795548ea5113f13a/stopping-the-speed-of-light-experiment.html

https://www.resonancescience.org/blog/Spectral%20Signatures%20of%20aBlack-Hole-spinning-at-almost-the-speed-of-light?fbclid=IwAR3CTrhXHUlhVKC-2QBXPGKNrMwF8GTFGVvVspoHjj6l-Q4kWmXdVYMMOpE

https://phys.org/news/2019-01-black-hole-galaxy-rapidly.html#jCp

Under absolute zero and other extreme conditions new matter will be created specially gasses and fluids molecules can be easily manipulated as there is no resistance in the atoms. The new matter is spread in the universe to create new systems and there will be new fuel to create new energy and stars and suns.

https://astronomy.com/magazine/weirdest-objects/2015/02/46-boomerang-nebula?utm_source=asyfb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=asyfb&fbclid=IwAR1T6yqqZoWYxWUI1T_f15bGy4eb-ngaAOoet50ogSmeL0btMWnmet2mWXo

Scientist finding new method to finding the coldest objects in the universe< which means that the black holes could be one of them.

https://futurism.com/the-byte/discover-failed-star-cold-show-normal-scans?fbclid=IwAR2ygt0H_qtWJIdjZqOH-Yocjwn7u60MwuwaQCl_f1n5M_Gk26zw-R8BDZk

Their eyes stare close,

parallel into each other.

These mirrors of their souls,

create some infinite reflections,

Gazing deep inside, they see

their histories unwind ,

while their hearts intertwine.

They collapse in each other,

as if two black holes collide,

ending light, ceasing dark,

rebuilding space , creating their time.

Buried was a universe inside, now is

a spark that's theirs to be,

forever and ever...

-mauli